Foot and mouth disease: risk factors and control measures (review)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is classified by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as a Schedule A disease. Given potential rapid spread of disease, all suspected cases should be reported and investigated immediately. Understanding mechanism FMD control measures key to outbreak investigation allows source an traced along with routes further spread. endemic in vast areas Africa, Asia South America. In 2022, following countries remain unfavorable FMD: Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Israel, Indonesia, UAE, Palestine, Algeria, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Tunisia, Africa. Russia, foot mouth was not registered. There are seven serotypes foot-and-mouth virus: O, A, C, 1, SAT 2 3. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, pigs, goats, African deer, yaks other artiodactyls susceptible it. The two principle ways which animal can become infected inhalation virus particles air, ingestion food material containing particles, also through abrasions, contaminated instruments or artificial insemination. Up 50 % ruminant animals persistently after clinical recover termed "carrier". Key risk factors introduction new into herd unknown vaccination status, seasonality, lack vaccination, size. cause infection often uncontrolled illegal movement livestock. main comes from livestock, vehicles, people directly working livestock FMD, wild animals. principles biosecurity isolation sick animals, cleaning disinfection premises equipment. major barrier international trade products, so free taking increased precautions prevent entering.